Introduction
I created this chronological list of science fiction literature that focuses on the biology of the brain over the psychology of the mind as a record of some of my research and to share back out to the SF/Neuronarrative research communities. These SF and SF-tangent stories as a whole or in significant scenes pivot on some aspect of the brain, neurology, neuroscience, or evolutionary psychology.
So far, there is no agreed upon term to describe these kinds of brain-focused SF stories. In 2000, Harvey Blume coined the term “neuro-narratives” as the title for his article describing a shift from psychological underpinnings to neurological underpinnings in contemporary fiction (“Neuro-Narratives.” The American Prospect 11.13, 22 May 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20001021064245/http://prospect.org/archives/V11-13/blume-h.html). One of his discussed examples is William Gibson’s All Tomorrow’s Parties (1999). In 2009, Marco Roth coined the term ‘neuronovel’ (“Rise of the Neuronovel: A Specter is Haunting the Contemporary Novel,” n+1 magazine 8, 14 September 2009, https://nplusonemag.com/issue-8/essays/the-rise-of-the-neuronovel/) to describe the neuro-turn in contemporary literature, but he does not look specifically in the direction of SF.
Predating “neuro-narratives” and the “neuronovel” is a term that has come up at least three times to describe science fiction with an emphasis on brain over mind: “neuroscience fiction.” It was first used by Joseph D. Miller in 1989 and again in 2009 to describe science fiction literature that focuses on the biology of the brain. In 2004, Annalee Newitz used the term to describe brain-focused SF films (“Brain Damage: Neuroscience Fiction Movies Are Colonizing Our Brains,” Other 5, October 2004, https://web.archive.org/web/20070808175956/http://othermag.org/braindamage.php). More recently, Sharon Packer uses “neuroscience fiction” to describe also SF films with an emphasis on neuroscience topics in her book Neuroscience in Science Fiction Films (McFarland, 2014). In each instance, it seems as if “neuroscience fiction” was independently coined.
Considered more broadly than film, neuroscience fiction is a possible label for these kinds of stories—SF or not—but it seems an imperfect term, because despite neuroscience’s vast interdisciplinarity, the neurosciences in general tend to promote a quantitative viewpoint over a qualitative viewpoint, which neuroscience fiction, if we are to use the term, seems to promote a bridging of the two cultures. Nevertheless, neuroscience fiction is a cool merging of brain and SF much like the many plays on words bound together in William Gibson’s Neuromancer (1984).
The stories focus on the brain, its biology, or interventions on it by science, technology, or medicine. More specifically, the topics featured in these stories include: the human brain, neuroanatomy, neurons, neurological structures and networks, neurochemistry, neurotransmitters, hormones, molecular and genetic effects on neurons, psychopharmacology, brain injury, neuropsychiatric disorders (autism, ADD, ADHD, schizophrenia, etc.; DSM-5), neurotoxins, brain health and disease (Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, the aging brain), agnosia, synesthesia, processes of cognition, nanotechnology and the brain, brain-computer interfaces (BCI), brains in vats, brain transplantation, brain as quantum computer (Penrose), speculative effects of the brain (telepathy, telekinesis, etc.), and overlap with psychology (psychology as a discipline, the talking cure, psychologists, psychoanalysis, Freudianism).
In terms of the history of SF, neuroscience and SF stories range from the genre’s origin, through proto-SF, the pulps, Golden Age SF, the New Wave, cyberpunk, Technological Singularity stories, and contemporary SF.
Below, I have the list of neuroscience fiction literature first and the list of related secondary literature after. If you find this resource useful, a mention in your footnotes is appreciated. And, if you would like to collaborate on a project, please drop me a line (email in page footer).
Primary Sources
The primary sources are organized by year of publication and then alphabetically by author.1800-1889
1818
Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus. Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mayor & Jones, 1818. (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42324/42324-h/42324-h.htm, anatomical assembly of a monstrous human-like being, “brain” noted once in Frankenstein’s observations in vaults and charnel houses of the passage of life to death, “It was with these feelings that I began the creation of a human being. As the minuteness of the parts formed a great hindrance to my speed, I resolved, contrary to my first intention, to make the being of a gigantic stature, that is to say, about eight feet in height, and proportionably large. After having formed this determination and having spent some months in successfully collecting and arranging my materials, I began.” Infusing life: “I collected the instruments of life around me, that I might infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet. It was already one in the morning; the rain pattered dismally against the panes, and my candle was nearly burnt out, when, by the glimmer of the half-extinguished light, I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open; it breathed hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs.”)
1859
Bulwer-Lytton, Edward. “The Haunted and the Haunters, or the House and the Brain,” Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, Aug. 1859. (http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/14195/pg14195.html, one passage explaining hauntings–mesmerism, technological apparatus for conveying thoughts from one person to another, psychokenesis)
1890-1899
1895
Wells, H. G. The Time Machine. Henry Holt, 1895. (http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35, earlier draft published as “The Chronic Argonauts” in May to June 1888 issues of The Science Schools Journal, evolutionary psychology, the changing human brain over time: Eloi, Morlocks, and the eventual degeneration of human beings in the far future, remember: evolution does not mean progress)
1896
Wells, H. G. The Island of Dr. Moreau. William Heinemann, 1896. (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/159/159-h/159-h.htm, portions of first chapter published in Jan. 1895 issue of the Saturday Review, surgically enhancing animals into beings with human-like intelligence, “A horrible fancy came into my head that Moreau, after animalising these men, had infected their dwarfed brains with a kind of deification of himself.” “Then I took a gorilla I had; and upon that, working with infinite care and mastering difficulty after difficulty, I made my first man. All the week, night and day, I moulded him. With him it was chiefly the brain that needed moulding; much had to be added, much changed. I thought him a fair specimen of the negroid type when I had finished him, and he lay bandaged, bound, and motionless before me. It was only when his life was assured that I left him and came into this room again, and found Montgomery much as you are. He had heard some of the cries as the thing grew human,—cries like those that disturbed you so.” “But it is in the subtle grafting and reshaping one must needs do to the brain that my trouble lies.” “I have some hope of this puma. I have worked hard at her head and brain”).
1900-1929
1927
Burroughs, Edgar Rice. The Master Mind of Mars. Amazing Stories Annual Vol. 1, edited by Hugo Gernsback, 1927, pp. 6-. (brain swap)
1930-1939
1930
Meek, Captain S. P.. “Stolen Brains.” Astounding Stories of Super Science, Oct. 1930, pp. 7-. (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29882/29882-h/29882-h.htm, menthium–a pseudosubstance extracted from the brain for injection in others for improved cognition)
1931
Keller, David H. “The Ambidexter,” Amazing Stories, April 1931, pp. 36-. (https://archive.org/details/AmazingStoriesVolume06Number01, grafting brain tissue to enable ambidextrousness, unexpected consequences)
Gilmore, Anthony. “Hawk Carse,” Astounding Stories, Nov. 1931, pp. 166-. (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30307/30307-h/30307-h.htm, character origin story–sets up what follows in the subsequent Hawk Carse stories below. N.B. Anthony Gilmore is the pen name of Harry Bates and D. W. Hall.)
1932
Gilmore, Anthony. “The Affair of the Brains,” Astounding Stories, Mar. 1932, pp. 314-. (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29310/29310-h/29310-h.htm, a neurosurgeon villain who alters the brains of his henchmen and extracts information from the brains of his foes)
—, “The Bluff of the Hawk,” Astounding Stories, May 1932, pp. 256-. (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29298/29298-h/29298-h.htm, more of Hawk Carse’s adventures)
—. “The Passing of Ku Sui,” Astounding Stories, Nov. 1932, pp. 220-. (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30303/30303-h/30303-h.htm, more of Hawk Carse’s adventures, brain transplant, these stories fixed up into Space Hawk novel 1952)
1936
Hamilton, Edmund. “Intelligence Undying,” Amazing Stories, Apr. 1936, pp. 13-. (brain imprinting)
1937
Beliaev, Alexander. Professor Dowell’s Head. 1937. Translated by Antonina W. Bouis, Macmillan, 1980. (original title is Голова профессора Доуэля, head transplantation, keeping heads/brains alive separate from the body)
1940-1949
1943
van Vogt, A. E. The Book of Ptath. Unknown Worlds, Oct. 1943, pp. 9-. (complete novel, far future god-like beings on Earth whose bodies are immortal but reincarnate the mind based on the dead from the past)
1948
Blade, Alexander. “The Brain.” Amazing Stories, Oct. 1948, pp. 64-. (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/32498/32498-h/32498-h.htm, neurosurgeons help construct mechanical brain, lots of biological metaphors applied to the machine, pen name for Heinrich Hauser)
1950-1959
1950
Clement, Hal. Needle, Doubleday, 1950. (serialized in the May and June 1949 Astounding Science Fiction. alien lifeform enters human host, uses human CNS, communicates with host via CNS)
Smith, Cordwainer. “Scanners Live in Vain.” Fantasy Book, vol. 1, no. 6, Jan. 1950, pp. 32-73, 85-88. (surgical intervention to sever sensory nerves so that they cannot hear, smell, and feel, which enables “habermans” and Scanners” to survive pain of space travel)
1951
Anderson, Poul. “Lord of a Thousand Suns.” Planet Stories, Sept. 1951, pp. 84-102. (two consciousnesses inhabiting one brain)
Guin, Wyman, “Beyond Bedlam,” Galaxy, Aug. 1951, pp. 3-. (https://archive.org/stream/galaxymagazine-1951-08/Galaxy_1951_08#page/n3/mode/2up, multiple personalities, multiple personality disorder, enforced two personalities per person)
Heinlein, Robert A. The Puppet Masters. Doubleday, 1951. (serialized in Sept, Oct., and Nov. 1951 issues of Galaxy Science Fiction. alien slugs control humans through CNS)
1952
Wolfe, Bernard. Limbo. Random House, 1952. (“neuronography, strychninization, the firing of certain key areas of the cerebrum with this potent excitant in order to trace the pathways from the brain’s jellied rind to the hidden cerebellum, the thalamus, the hypothalamus”, injections, mapping, neurosurgeon Dr. Martine, cybernetics, lobotomy)
1953
Anderson, Poul. “Sentiment, Inc.” Science Fiction Stories. Jun. 1953, pp. 4-. (neuroscience, cognitive testing, technology for measuring/evaluating the brain)
Knight, Damon. “Four in One.” Galaxy Science Fiction, Feb. 1953, p. 4-. (humans allow an alien to absorb their brains for survival)
Sturgeon, Theodore. More Than Human. Farrar, Straus and Young, 1953. (based on novella “Baby is Three” published in Oct. 1952 Galaxy Science Fiction. six gifted people combine their powers and create a gestalt consciousness)
Anderson, Poul. Brain Wave Ballantine Books, 1954. (first half serialized as “The Escape” Part 1 of 2 in Sept. 1953 issue of Sept. 1953 Space Science Fiction, but there does not appear to be an issue after–magazine folded? technological dampening of biological intelligence, heightened intelligence)
1957
Clarke, Arthur C. “The Ultimate Melody.” Tales from the White Hart, Ballantine Books, 1957, pp. 45-52. (in T, EEG, brain waves, effect of music on the brain, no effect on tone deaf technician)
1959
Keyes, Daniel. “Flowers for Algernon.” The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Apr. 1959, pp. 5-. (novel: Flowers for Algernon, Cassell & Company, 1966. surgical intervention increases the IQ of mice and men)
Sheckley, Robert. Immortality, Inc. Bantam Books, 1959. (serialized as “Time Killer” in Oct, Nov, Dec 1958 and Feb. 1959 issues of Galaxy. consciousness and memories transplanted from one body to another through time.)
1960-1969
1960
Schmitz, James. Agent of Vega. Gnome Press, 1960. (fixup of earlier stories, telepathic interventions with discussion of perception within the brain, neuron influence, major misconception of much fiction about telepathy—you would likely not know or realize of intervention, because the brain creates conscious perception—you are not an outsider looking in as in the case of Data on STTNG who can flip bits and access memory pathways within his positronic brain)
1961
Galouye, Daniel F. “Descent into the Maelstrom.” Fantastic Stories of Imagination. April 1961, pp. 6-. (later titled “Rub-a-Dub.” 12-year-old girl imprinted with the consciousness/memories of three crewmen. when she is 20, a psychiatrist works to eradicate these other consciousnesses from her mind)
Simak, Clifford D. Time is the Simplest Thing. Doubleday, 1961. (telepathic mind transfer, neurodivergence, rights)
1962
White, James. Hospital Station, Ballantine Books, 1962. (first book in Sector General series. “Educator tapes” download knowledge and personality of donor onto doctors’ brains so that they can treat alien patients)
1963
Heinlein, Robert A. Glory Road, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1963. (serialized in July, August, and September 1963 issues of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. “Egg of the Phoenix” is a cybernetic device for storing the memories of predecessors of the Empress of the Twenty Universes)
1964
Brunner, John. “The Last Lonely Man.” New Worlds, May-June 1964, pp. 67-. (brain uploading for backup, download into appointed host)
—. The Whole Man. Ballantine Books, 1964. (fixup, aka Telepathist, discussions of the brain and its information processing, telepathic communication and control)
1965
Herbert, Frank. Dune. Chilton, 1965. (“Other-Memory,” genetic memory passed from generation to generation, mentats = expanded cognitive ability increased by the addictive sapho juice)
Smith, Cordwainer. “On the Storm Planet.” Galaxy, Feb. 1965, pp. 6-. (memory/experience tranfer: “And I have had the education and the memory and the experience of a wise lady stamped right into my brain,” and “As she was dying they transcribed her brain on mine. That’s why I speak so well and know so much.”)
1966
Asimov, Isaac. Fantastic Voyage. Thomas Allen, 1966. (travel into the brain to repair a blood clot from the inside)
1967
Le Guin, Ursula K. City of Illusions. Ace, 1967. (telepathy, mindlying, mindspeech/truth, protagonist has memory erased, tabula rasa, create new identity from nothing, mnemonic trigger for memory recall)
1968
Crichton, Michael. A Case of Need. World Publishing Co., 1968. (published as by Jeffery Hudson, primarily a mystery novel about who had performed abortions when illegal, discussion in key passages about studying the brain and related endocrine system postmortem)
Saxton, Josephine. “The Consciousness Machine.” The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Jun. 1968, pp. 4-. (psychology/Jungian, technology to explore the mind and collective consciousness, dreams, resolving personal trauma)
1969
Dick, Philip K. “The Electric Ant,” The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Oct. 1969, pp. 100-. (about a robot, but its control tape system perfectly describes how we cannot know how our ontology and memories change when the change is effected on our brain, we do not have a constitutive outside from which our perception operates—our perception is determined by our brain for good or ill without our knowing the difference in most cases, the robot’s control tape can be a metaphor for discussing how we perceive the world)
Silverberg, Robert. To Live Again. Doubleday, 1969. (rich backup or map their minds prior to death, living agree to host the dead in their brain, share skills and knowledge, some dead take control)
Van Arnam, Dave. Starmind. Ballantine Books, 1969. (surgical transplanting of three brain components (1x cerebrum, 1x cerebrum, and 1x cerebellum in the receiving body) from three different people to allow one body to survive. creates 3 personalities and a gestalt.
1970-1979
1970
Dick, Philip K. A Maze of Death. Doubleday, 1970. (brain-computer interface, hallucination, generating sense perception)
Heinlein, Robert A. I Will Fear No Evil. Putnam, 1970. (serialized in July, Aug-Sept, Oct-Nov, and Dec 1970 issues of Galaxy. rich man’s brain transplanted into body of his dead female secretary)
1972
Crichton, Michael. The Terminal Man. Alfred A. Knopf, 1972. (serialized in the Mar., Apr., and May 1972 issues of Playboy, brain pacemaker, treat seizures with a computer-controlled device of electrodes deeply implanted in the brain)
Harrison, Harry. The Stainless Steel Rat Saves the World. Putnam, 1972. (novelette published in If, Sept. 1971, save memories in a box that can be carried, plug boxes into brain to download memory/experience)
Stableford, Brian. The Halcyon Drift, DAW Books, 1972. (alien symbiote called “the wind” knows human host’s thoughts and can communicate with host. First of Hooded Swan/Star Pilot Grainger series)
1973
Tiptree, Jr., James. “The Girl Who Was Plugged In.” New Dimensions, edited by Robert Silverberg, Nelson Doubleday, 1973. (cybernetic human-computer integration, braindead body remote controlled by another person/brain)
1975
Robinson, Spider. “Two Heads Are Better Than One.” Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact, May 1975, pp. 151-. (brothers with telepathic ability, one developed early and institutionalized, the other developed later and trying to cope)
1976
Wilson, F. Paul. Healer. Doubleday, 1976. (cave dwelling alarets fall on unsuspecting hosts and connect to host’s CNS, symbiosis, long life)
Zelazny, Roger. Doorways in the Sand. Harper & Row, 1976. (telepathy, the star-stone Speicus interfaces with Fred Cassidy’s CNSto make its sociological observations)
1977
Clayton, Jo. Diadem from the Stars. DAW Books, 1977. (wearable ‘diadem’ connects to wearer’s brain, shares memories of the dead, take control of the wearer’s body)
Dick, Philip K. A Scanner Darkly. Doubleday, 1977. (Substance-D splits the hemispheres, damages the corpus callosum, two minds)
Lafferty, R. A. “Brain Fever Season.” Universe 7, edited by Terry Carr, Doubleday, 1977, pp. 134-152. (manipulation of the world population with seasons of the mind, e.g., “hot-brain season” or “smart season” or “rut season”)
1978
Chayefsky, Paddy. Altered States. Harper & Row, 1978. (psychopharmacology, sensory deprivation tanks, consciousness)
1979
Varley, John. Titan., Berkley/Putnam, 1979. (“satellite brain”, “peripheral brain,” “he had a link into your brains,” transfer information directly into the brain)
1980-1989
1980
Anthony, Piers. Thousandstar. Avon, 1980. (from publisher description: “Through transfer, a refinement of mattermission technology, the mind and personality of individuals with high aura can be sent to animate a body physically distant.”)
Pollack, Rachel. Golden Vanity. Berkley Books, 1980. (“mind print recorder,” connecting human mind to spaceship engines, “human brains being dismantled” = “memory retrieval,” Hump and Vanity exchange embodied experience/mind swap)
1981
Cook, Robin. Brain. Putnam, 1981. (remove cells to stop seizures, larger plot of brain-computer interfaces)
Dick, Philip K. VALIS. Bantam Books, 1981. (Gnostic information beamed into brain, past lives intruding on present moment, ancestral memory, for more information see The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011)
Vinge, Vernor. “True Names.” Binary Star No. 5, Dell, 1981, pp. 133-233. (brain-computer interface, virtual reality experience, connection to CNS)
Wolf, Gene. The Claw of the Conciliator. Timescape Books, 1981. (consuming roasted flesh of a person is combined with an alien substance gives one access to their memories)
1982
Dick, Philip K. The Transmigration of Timothy Archer. Timescape Books, 1982. (issues of perception, “brain prints,” personal ontology created by the brain and imagination)
Gibson, William. “Burning Chrome.” Omni, Jul. 1982, pp. 72-77, 102-107. (first appearance of term “cyberspace,” brain-computer interface, cybernetic enhancements connected to CNS, “Ikons” = digital eye replacements for recording, “simstim” = simulation stimulants/experience others’ experiences, memory enhancers/Vasopressin, prostitutes rent their bodies while unconscious: “I tried not to imagine her in the House of Blue Lights, working three-hour shifts in an approximation of REM sleep, while her body and a bundle of conditioned reflexes took care of business. The customers
never got to complain that she was faking it, because
those were real orgasms. But she felt them, if she felt
them at all, as faint silver flares somewhere out on the
edge of sleep.” = later termed “meat puppets” in Neuromancer.)
Robinson, Spider. Mindkiller. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1982. (neuroscientists, neuroanatomy, implants to produce pleasure response, addiction)
Rucker, Rudy. Software. Ace, 1982. (brain-destroying upload of consciousness and memories to digital computer/robot)
Zelazny, Roger and Fred Saberhagen. Coils. Tor, 1982. (“CAH-NMR (computerized axial holography via nuclear magnetic resonance) scan of my brain. Unlike the earlier X-ray mediated mappings, this technique, which had come into use during the past several years, produced a holographic image of the organ upon a small staging area,” neurologists, persistent vegetative state, brain and spinal cord damage)
1984
Bradley, Marion Zimmer. The Inheritor. Tor, 1984. (psychics, paranormal, discussions and tests from neurological and psychological perspectives—attempts at finding a rational, scientific explanation)
Gibson, William. Neuromancer, Ace, 1984. (brain-computer interface via cyberspace deck, CNS-targeting neurotoxins, cyberspace = “concensual hallucination,” brain/memory uploading to AI/computer)
L’Engle, Madeleine. A House Like a Lotus. Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1984. (not SF, neurosurgeons, describes similarities between octopus/squid neurological systems with that of the human)
Robinson, Kim Stanley. “Ridge Running.” The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Jan.1984, pp. 99-. (http://www.baenebooks.com/chapters/1597801844/1597801844___2.htm, brain damage after accident, regrowing, regeneration, effects of replaced neurons on self, behavior, recovery)
1985
Foster, Alan Dean. Sentenced to Prism. Del Rey/Ballantine, 1985. (alien lifeform communicates with human via tendrils connected to CNS)
Kilian, Crawford. Brother Jonathan. Ace, 1985. (computer-brain implants, intelligence augmentation, telepathic communication with animals)
Tiptree, Jr., James. “The Only Neat Thing to Do.” The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Oct. 1985, pp. 8-. (brain parasite, communicate with host via CNS, use host’s sensory input)
1986
Gibson, William. Count Zero. Arbor House, 1986. (storing digital information in the brain, brain-computer interface, software can kill via interface with CNS, simstim, virtual immortality of self/memory via “biosoft”)
Herbert, Frank and Brian Herbert. Man of Two Worlds. Putnam, 1986. (alien merges body with human host, conflict of two minds)
King, Stephen. “The End of the Whole Mess.” Omni, Oct. 1986, pp. 72-. (chemical found in water supply found to reduce aggression, unforeseen side effect > dementia or Alzheimer’s disease-like symptoms)
1987
Asimov, Isaac. Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain. Doubleday, 1987. (not a sequel, obtain information directly from within a person’s brain by tapping into neurons directly and using sophisticated computer software)
Cadigan, Pat. Mindplayers. Bantam Spectra, 1987. (“madcaps” = illegal cybernetic devices that induce psychosis for fun but occasionally the psychosis sticks, “mindplayers” = help others deal with psychosis or other psychological ailments in a virtual world with a device that connects to the optic nerve, identity erasing, virtual personality constructs, illegal personality copies)
Niven, Larry, Jerry Pournelle, and Steven Barnes, The Legacy of Heorot. Simon & Schuster, 1987. (effects of suspended animation—space sleep—on brain cells—degenerative)
1988
Gibson, William. Mona Lisa Overdrive. Bantam Spectra, 1988. (brain-computer interface, coma, “Aleph” = reality and self generating computer system for comatose Bobby Newmark, biosoft implants = access cyberspace directly, Angie and Bobby unpload their consciousnesses and memories into the Aleph)
McDonald, Ian. “Radio Marrakech,” Empire Dreams, Bantam Spectra, 1988. (psychopharmacology, brain amplification, hormones, accelerated aging, death)
Rucker, Rudy. Wetware. Avon, 1988. (biological storage of software, organic-synthetic hybrids, human mind in robot, robot mind in human)
Scarborough, Elizabeth Ann. The Healer’s War, Doubleday Foundation, 1988. (Nebula 1989, Vietnam War, magical realism, works on neuroward, brain and head trauma of soldiers and civilians)
Turner, Frederick. Genesis: An Epic Poem. Saybrook, 1988. (Chris Pak says: “neuroscience metaphors dotted throughout” and “Turner actually talks a lot about neuroscience, in his poetry and in his non-fiction work. I interview him in the SFRA Review here: http://www.sfra.org/sfra-review/307-308.pdf and reference this article of his: Turner, Frederick, and Ernst Pöppel. ‘The Neural Lyre: Poetic Meter, the Brain, and Time’. Joel Orr’s World of Technology. 2001. Web.)
1990-1999
1990
Bear, Greg. Queen of Angels. Warner Books, 1990. (neurotransmitters, neurons, discussion of how neurons work, nanotechnology intervention, neurologists)
Egan, Greg. “Learning to Be Me.” Interzone, no. 37, Jul.1990, pp. 53-. (mapping the brain over time with the embedded “jewel,” questions about who is “you,” neurons, biochemistry)
1991
Cadigan, Pat. Synners. Bantam Spectra, 1991. (brain-computer interface via “sockets” implants, psychopharmacology, recording and selling experiences generated by “synners” or human synthesisers, AI virus kills people via socket)
Chiang, Ted. “Understand.” Isaac Asimov’s Science Fiction Magazine, Aug. 1991, pp. 86. (brain damage, regeneration of neural tissue with hormones, side effects, c.f. Flowers for Algernon, 2 competing supermen)
Niven, Larry and Steven Barnes, Achilles’ Choice. Tor, 1991. (neurotransmitters, neurons)
1992
Sheffield, Charles. “The Feynman Saltation.” The Ultimate Dinosaur, edited by Byron Preiss and Robert Silverberg, Bantam Spectra, 1992, pp.36-48. (glioblastoma, tumor in the brain, implanted drug release system, difficulties with crossing the blood-brain barrier)
Stephenson, Neal. Snow Crash. Bantam Spectra, 1992. (brain-computer interface, Snow Crash bitmap data file crashes computers and damages user’s brain, neuro-linguistic virus, brain implants, Sumerian ur-language > programming people, coins term “Metaverse”)
Williams, Walter Jon. Aristoi. Tor, 1992. (brain-computer interfaces, brain-implanted personal computers, Aristoi can split their minds into “daimones” or personalities that can do cognitive work indpenedently and in parallel–text in the book switches to double columns to illustrate interaction between the personalities)
1994
Carver, Jeffrey A. Neptune Crossing. Tor, 1994. (Quarx is a transdimensional being that connects/lives in John Bandicut, communicates with the translator, CNS connection)
Stephenson, Neal and J. Frederick George. Interface. Bantam Books, 1994. (originally published under the pen name Stephen Bury, biochips, feed information into the human brain)
1995
Powers, Richard. Galatea 2.2. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995. (simulated human intelligence, AI, memory)
1996
Carter, Raphael. The Fortunate Fall. Tor, 1996. (cybernetic taps on CNS/sensory input, “cameras” and “screeners”)
Robb, J. D. Rapture in Death. Berkley Books, 1996. (pen name of Nora Roberts, brain imaging, brain lesions, neurological terminology, “a burn in the brain”)
Turzillo, Mary A. “Eat or Be Eaten: A Love Story.” Interzone, Feb. 1996, pp. 44-55. (eat alien flesh to contract virus so the alien’s consciousness and memories live on through a new host)
1997
Egan, Greg. Diaspora. Millennium/Orion, 1997. (human consciousness running on computers, destructive brain copying for emulation, personality overlays)
Rucker, Rudy. Freeware. Avon Books, 1997. (aliens encode their consciousness and memories as radio waves, encode alien mind in human or robot, teleprescence)
Wilhelm, Kate. For the Defense. Ballantine, 1997. (is this SF? Brain swelling, edema, seizures, EEG, long term brain damage, gender differentiation of study of the brain: Reid/male/brain physiology and Gail/female/psychology?)
1998
Gould, Steven. Helm. Tor, 1998. (‘imprinter’ device for downloading and imprinting knowledge and personality, configurable to control)
Williams, Tad. River of Blue Fire. DAW Books, 1998. (“they had tested her neurocannula and her shunt circuits,” Tandagore Syndrome, brain generates experience of the world based on sensory information or information delivered by the shunt, short-circuit sensory information, hindbrain)
1999
Gibson, William. All Tomorrow’s Parties. Putnam, 1999. (character: Silencio, autistic savant)
Vinge, Vernor. A Deepness in the Sky. Tor, 1999. (engineered viruses, brain diagnostics, mindrot, “neuropathic curiosity,” glial cells, cognitive enhancement, neuroactives)
2000-2009
2000
Clarke, Arthur C. and Stephen Baxter, The Light of Other Days. Tor, 2000. (limbic system, electromagnetic stimulation of the brain, brain structure discussion, brain chemistry, evolution of the brain)
Rucker, Rudy. Realware. Eos/Harper Collins, 2000. (higher dimensional beings and their perception/experience)
Slonczewski, Joan. Brain Plague, 2000, (from Joan via email: “The book accurately represents the molecular basis of addiction and treatment. The microbial aspect is even more relevant today, as we learn how the microbiome regulates the brain. Sherri Vint has a nice literary analysis.”)
2001
King, Stephen. Dreamcatcher. Scribner, 2001. (alien parasites/Mr. Gray takes over Jonesy’s mind. shared telepathic powers)
Mosely, Walter. Futureland. Warner Books, 2001. (collection, some stories have neurologist characters, mention neurons, brains)
Willis, Connie. Passage. Bantam Spectra, 2001. (near death experience, dying brain, research psychologist, artificially generate NDE, brain scans, cf Flatliners film 1990)
2002
Bain, Darrell. Ultimate Suggestions. Hard Shell Word Factory, 2002. (neuro hypochondriac, brain scans, compounds/chemicals acting on the brain)
Darnton, John. Mind Catcher. Dutton, 2002. (neurosurgeon, transcranial stimulator-receiver (TSR), implantation of stem cells into the brain)
McHugh, Maureen. “Presence.” The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Mar. 2002, pp. 134-. (Alzheimer’s Disease)
Moon, Elizabeth. Heris Serrano. Baen, 2002. (omnibus of three books in series 1993, 1994, 1995; Institute of Neuroscience, neurology, neurotoxins, neuroactive drugs, space opera)
—. The Speed of Dark. Orbit, 2002. (autism)
Morgan, Richard K. Altered Carbon. Gollancz, 2002. (cortical stacks technology in spinal column = creates copy of consciousness/memories, stacks downloaded into new bodies or “sleeves” after death, c.f. with Greg Egan’s “Learning to Be Me.”)
Robb, J. D. Purity in Death. Berkley Books, 2002. (pen name of Nora Roberts, “skull saw,” brain swelling, pathology, medical examination post mortem)
Williams, Walter Jon. “The Millennium Party” The Year’s Best Science Fiction: Twentieth Annual Collection, edited by Gardner Dozois, St. Martin’s Griffin, 2002, pp. 578-580. (downloaded/stored brains, “he slotted the brain labeled Clarisse/passion, the brain that contained memories of time with his wife”)
2003
Robb, J. D. Portrait in Death. Berkley Books, 2003. (pen name of Nora Roberts, brain tumor, effects on personality and behavior)
2005
Bain, Darrell. MindWar. Double Dragon Publishing, 2005. (neurotoxins that mirror disease, brain structures, Broca’s Area)
Gregory, Daryl. “Second Person, Present Tense.” Asimov’s Science Fiction, Sept. 2005, pp. 86-. (different types of neurological disorders, Oliver Sacks-type cornucopia in fiction–see his 2011 collection below, Unpossible and Other Stories)
Sawyer, Robert J. Mindscan. Tor, 2005. (consciousness and memory downloading and imprinting, emulating human consciousness digitally/in robot, legal issues of copying one’s consciousness)
Scalzi, John. Old Man’s War. Tor, 2005. (copy mind to genetically engineered and improved younger body, nanotechnology, BrainPal = neural implant for communication)
2006
Scalzi, John. The Ghost Brigades. Tor, 2006. (consciousness and memory downloading and imprinting)
Vinge, Vernor. Rainbows End. Tor, 2006. (Alzheimer’s disease, regenerating neurons, treatment for degeneration of the brain, new brain wiring from new, multimodal technologies in the future, metaphor of the library book scanning/destruction)
Watts, Peter. Blindsight. Tor, 2006. (http://www.rifters.com/real/Blindsight.htm, brain surgery, surgical interventions, epilepsy)
Weber, David. In Fury Born. Baen, 2006. (mind reading, computer-brain interface for ship control and navigation)
2008
Bakker, R. Scott. Neuropath. Orion, 2008. (http://www.tor.com/stories/2009/11/lemgneuropathlemg-chapter-four-by-r-scott-bakker, this chapter from the book explains difference between neuroscience and psychology)
Collins, Helen. NeuroGenesis. Speculative FictionReview.com, 2008. (AI, psychology, sociology, some reviews reference Asimov’s psychohistory as an analog or possible inspiration)
Gregory, Daryl. “Glass.” Year’s Best SF 14, edited by Kathryn Cramer and David G. Hartwell, Eos/Harper Collins, 2008, pp. 429-435. (http://www.technologyreview.com/article/411026/glass/, mirror neurons, psychopharmacology)
Meyer, Stephenie. The Host. Little Brown, 2008. (parasitic aliens invade host, erase host’s consciousness but memories and knowledge retained, struggle for control of mind and body)
2010-2019
2010
Doctorow, Cory. “Ghosts in My Head.” Subterranean Online, Summer 2010, http://subterraneanpress.com/magazine/summer_2010/fiction_ghosts_in_my_head_by_cory_doctorow. (fMRI miniaturization, evolutionary psychology, tech-enabled hallucinations)
2011
Gregory, Daryl. Unpossible and Other Stories. Fairwood Press, 2011. (According to Wired here, “Daryl Gregory’s collection Unpossible features several short stories inspired by neuroscience, including “Digital,” in which a man’s consciousness migrates from his head into his finger, and “Glass,” in which sociopaths are “cured” by activating their mirror neurons. . . . In his story “Dead Horse Point,” a genius physicist suffers from a strange condition that causes her to disappear into her own mind for weeks at a time. . . . One of the most fascinating stories in the book is “Second Person, Present Tense,” in which a teenager takes a drug that disrupts the connection between her conscious mind and the rest of her brain.” N.B. Asimov’s Reader’s Choice Award for “Second Person, Present Tense.”)
2012
Fernyhough, Charles. A Box of Birds. Unbound, 2012, (near future, biochemical basis of memory, neuroscientist protagonist, more info about the ideas in the novel and neuroscience and fiction in general: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/apr/26/charles-fernyhough-memory-leaky-construction)
Morrow, James. “Thanatos Beach,” Tor.com, 14 Mar. 2012, http://www.tor.com/stories/2012/03/thanatos-beach. (brain tumor, accurate descriptions of diagnosis, imaging, study, octopus/squid)
Naam, Ramez. Nexus. Angry Robot, 2012. (cognitive enhancement and cognitive impairment with tailored nano-drugs, part of a series)
Price, Lissa. Starters. Delacorte Press, 2012. (cybernetic implant in the brain, neuro-chip, young rent out body to old person whose consciousness has control)
Sanderson, Brandon. Legion. Subterranean Press, 2012. (neurodivergence, character can create many different personae for various purposes)
Zhang, Kat. What’s Left of Me. Harper, 2012. (neurodivergence, people born with two identities but one fades with time, some born differently with a third recessive identity or soul)
2013
Chu, Wesley. The Lives of Tao. Angry Robot, 2013. (alien shares brain of human host)
Goonan, Kathleen Ann. This Shared Dream. Tor, 2013. (neuroplasticity, education)
—. “Bootstrap,” MIT Technology Review: Twelve Tomorrows, edited by Stephen Cass, 2013, http://www.technologyreview.com/twelvetomorrows/13/. (neuroplasticity)
—. “Sport,” Arc 2.1: Exit Strategies, 2013, https://web.archive.org/web/20150606163922/http://www.arcfinity.org/arc21.php. (synesthesia, from Goonan: “about a synestete girl recruited to work for the NSA at the Utah Data Center.” also available in Chasing Shadows: Visions of Our Coming Transparent World, edited by David Brin and Stephen W. Potts, Tor, 2017.)
Greenfield, Susan. 2121: A Tale from the Next Century. Head of Zeus, 2013. (psychopharmacology, brain implants, effects of technology on cognition, communication, and attention)
Kress, Nancy. “One.” Tor.com, 2013, http://www.tor.com/stories/2013/07/one. (brain injury, integrated information theory)
Naam, Ramez. Crux. Angry Robot, 2013. (http://www.tor.com/stories/2013/08/crux-excerpt, Nexus 5 is nanotech that studies the brain from the inside out and transmits information between brains, technical explanations, c.f. Asimov’s Fantastic Voyage—beneficial vs. harmful use of tech, part of a series)
2014
Gregory, Daryl. Afterparty. Tor, 2014. (schizophrenia, psychopharmacology, street drugs, Numinous/Logos–the drug causes someone who takes it to have a god in their mind–connections to PKD’s research on the corpus callosum, A Scanner Darkly, VALIS, etc.)
Goonan, Kathleen Ann. “Girl In Wave:Wave In Girl.” Hieroglyph: Stories and Visions for a Positive Future, edited by Kathryn Cramer and Ed Finn, William Morrow/Harper Collins, 2014, pp. 38-73, http://hieroglyph.asu.edu/story/girl-in-wave-wave-in-girl/. (from Goonan: “HIEROGLYPH is Neal Stephenson’s project, in conjunction with ASU’s Center for Science and the Imagination, to link sf writers with government agencies, NGOs and corporations through “hieroglyphs” that depict chronic problems and possible solutions, or templates for big projects. “Girl In Wave” is about generating solutions to dyslexia, dyscalcula, and other common problems which impact learning through the new brain initiatives in the U.S. and Europe.”)
Kay, S. “Neurotech Light and Dark,” The Science Creative Quarterly, 13 Aug. 2014, http://www.scq.ubc.ca/neurotech-light-and-dark/. (collection of two sentence long neuroscience-based SF stories)
Leuthardt, Eric C. Red Devil 4. Forge Books, 2014. (neurosurgeon writes near-future thriller about a neurosurgeon, cognitive augmentation sounds like Air by Geoff Ryman)
Scalzi, John. Lock In. Tor, 2014. (virus leaves many infected individuals locked into their brains and unable to control their bodies, technology developed to enable these seemingly comatose persons to control transportation devices and robots for acting in the world)
2015
Galanter, Dave. Crisis of Conciousness, Pocket Books, 2015. Star Trek: The Original Series. (Vulcan relatives Kenisians maintain the personalities and memories of ancestors in the living via katra transfer–aka mind meld)
Naam, Ramex. Apex, Angry Robot, 2015. (conclusion to series about Nexus nano-drug, cognitive enhancement)
Robinson, Jeremy. MirrorWorld. St. Martin’s Press, 2015. (protagonist’s name is ‘Crazy,’ mental health facility, “Neuro Inc.” performing experimentation, memory)
Steiger, A. J. Mindwalker. Alfred A. Knopf, 2015, (brain-wiping disturbing experiences, neural link, “Mindwalking,” therapy, memory, government enforcement)
2016
Chu, Wesley, The Rise of Io. Angry Robot, 2016. (alien symbiote, CNS communication, voice in her head)
Gilman, Carolyn Ives. “Touring with the Alien,” Clarkesworld, April 2016, http://clarkesworldmagazine.com/gilman_04_16/. (cognition, learned experience, emotion/empathy)
Lee, Yoon H. Ninefox Gambit, Solariss, 2016. (uploading memory/consciousness, two consciousnesses in one brain)
North, Claire. The Sudden Appearance of Hope. Redhook, 2016. (memory, identity, human-computer interaction’s effect on cognition and memory)
Geen, Emma. The Many Selves of Katherine North. Bloomsbury, 2016. (neurological interface, cross-species embodiment, ‘jumping’ or having her consciousness inhabit the brain/body of laboratory animals, “what is it like to be a bat”)
2019
Stephenson, Neal. Fall; or, Dodge in Hell. William Morrow, 2019. (destructive scan and emulation of brain on computer hardware, simulated consciousness)
2020-2029
2020
Cline, Ernest. Ready Player Two. Ballantine Books, 2020. (ONI (OASIS Neural Interface) headset = interfaces with brain, creates sensations, copies user’s mind/memories, simulating/resurrecting previously scanned users)
2021
Powers, Richard. Bewilderment. W.W. Norton & Co., 2021. (neurodivergence, neurofeedback therapy, empathy)
Silberstein, Eric. The Insecure Mind of Sergei Kraev. Liu Book Group, 2021. (neural implants, conveying sensory information to CNS via implants, cybersecurity of neural implants)
Secondary Sources
The secondary sources are organized alphabetically by author.Antolin, Pascale. “The Brain and American Fiction.” The Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Fiction 1980–2020, editors Patrick O’Donnell, Stephen J. Burn and Lesley Larkin, Wiley Blackwell, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119431732.ecaf0277.
Armstrong, Paul B. Stories and the Brain: The Neuroscience of Narrative. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/book.74953.
Arnold, Kyle. The Divine Madness of Philip K. Dick. Oxford, 2016.
Besser, Stephan. “How Patterns Meet: Tracing the Isomorphic Imagination in Contemporary Neuroculture.” Configurations, vol. 25 no. 4, 2017, p. 415-445. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/con.2017.0027.
Blume, Harvey. “Neuro-Narratives.” The American Prospect. 9 Nov. 2001, https://prospect.org/features/neuro-narratives/.
Broderick, Damien. Consciousness and Science Fiction. Springer, 2018.
—. Psience Fiction: The Paranormal in Science Fiction Literature. McFarland, 2018.
Brogaard, Berit. “The Mad Neuroscience of Inception.” Inception and Philosophy: Ideas to Die For, edited by Thorsten Botz-Bornstein, Open Court, 2011, pp. 25-38.
Burn, Stephen J. “Neuroscience and Modern Fiction.” MFS Modern Fiction Studies, vol. 61 no. 2, 2015, p. 209-225. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/mfs.2015.0018.
Burnham, Karen. “Identity and Consciousness.” in Greg Egan, University of Illinois Press, 2014, pp. 76-100. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/citytech-ebooks/detail.action?docID=3414342.
Dutton, Denis. The Art Instinct: Beauty, Pleasure, and Human Evolution. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2008.
Giaimo, Genie Nicole. “Memory, Brains, and Narratives?: The Humanities as a Testing-Ground for Bioethical Scenario-Building.” Literature and Medicine, vol. 34 no. 1, 2016, p. 53-78. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/lm.2016.0003.
Greely, Henry T. “Frankenstein and Modern Bioscience: Which Story Should We Heed?” Huntington Library Quarterly, vol. 83 no. 4, 2020, p. 799-821. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/hlq.2020.0028.
Grue, Jan. “On the Transhumanist Imaginary and the Biopolitics of Contingent Embodiment.” New Literary History, vol. 51 no. 4, 2020, p. 805-823. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/nlh.2020.0050.
Hayles, N. Katherine. “Greg Egan’s Quarantine and Teranesia: Contributions to the Millennial Reassessment of Consciousness and the Cognitive Nonconscious.” Science Fiction Studies, vol. 42, no. 1, March 2015, pp. 56-77.
—. Hayles, N. Katherine. “Virtual Bodies and Flickering Signifiers.” October, no. 66, Autumn 1993, pp. 69-91.
Hickman, John. “When Science Fiction Writers Used Fictional Drugs: Rise and Fall of the Twentieth-Century Drug Dystopia.” Utopian Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, 2009, pp. 141–70. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20719933. Accessed 11 June 2023.
Jaynes, Julian. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Houghton Mifflin, 1990
Johnson, Jenell. “To Find the Soul, It is Necessary to Lose It : Neuroscience, Disability, and the Epigraph to The Echo Maker.” Intersections: Essays on Richard Powers, edited by Stephen J. Burn and Peter Dempsey, Dalkey Archive Press, 2008, pp. 215-218.
Johnson, Jenell and Melissa M. Littlefield, editors. The Neuroscientific Turn: Transdisciplinarity in the Age of the Brain. University of Michigan Press, 2012. Project MUSE muse.jhu.edu/book/16461.
Joshua, Judy. “Information Bodies: Computational Anxiety in Neal Stephenson’s Snow Crash.” Interdisciplinary Literary Studies, vol. 19, no. 1, 2017, pp. 17–47. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.5325/intelitestud.19.1.0017.
Keiser, Jess. Nervous Fictions: Literary Form and the Enlightenment Origins of Neuroscience. University of Virginia Press, 2020.
Lasbury, Mark E. The Realization of Star Trek Technologies: The Science, Not Fiction, Behind Brain Implants, Plasma Shields, Quantum Computing, and More. Springer, 2017.
Leupolt, Cécile. Imagination in Ian McEwan’s Fiction: A Literary and Cognitive Science Approach. Peter Lang, 2018.
Linden, David J. The Accidental Mind. Belknap Press of Harvard UP, 2007.
Littlefield, Melissa M. The Lying Brain: Lie Detection in Science and Science Fiction. University of Michigan Press, 2011.
MacKellar, Calum, editor. Cyborg Mind: What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics. Berghahn Books, 2019. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvvb7mw5. Accessed 11 June 2023.
Maynard, Andrew D. Films from the Future: The Technology and Morality of Sci-Fi Movies. Mango Publishing, 2018. (see chapters on brain scans/precognition, intellectual enchancement through psychopharmacology, artificial intelligence)
Maziarczyk, Grzegorz and Joanna Klara Teske, editors. Explorations of Consciousness in Contemporary Fiction. Brill, 2017.
Miller, Geoffrey. The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature. Anchor Books, 2000.
Miller, Joseph D. “Neuroscience Fiction: The Roman à Synaptic Cleft.” Mindscapes, edited by George E. Slusser and Eric S. Rabkin, Southern Illinois University Press, 1989, pp. 195-207.
—. “Neuroscience Fiction Redux.” Reading Science Fiction, edited by James E. Gunn, Marleen S. Barr and Matthew Candelaria, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, pp. 199-211.
Morrison, Ryan J. “Ethical Depictions of Neurodivergence in SF about AI.” Configurations, vol. 27 no. 3, 2019, p. 387-410. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/con.2019.0021.
Packer, Sharon. Neuroscience in Science Fiction Films. McFarland, 2015.
Pagan, Nicholas O. Theory of Mind and Science Fiction. Palgrave, 2014.
Pinker, Steven. The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. Viking, 2002.
Quian Quiroga, Rodrigo. Neuroscience Fiction: From 2001: A Space Odyssey to Inception, How Neuroscience Is Transforming Sci-Fi into Reality–While Challenging Our Beliefs About the Mind, Machines, and What Makes Us Human. BenBella Books, 2020.
Rajiva, Jay. “Never Let Me Finish: Ishiguro’s Interruptions.” Studies in the Novel, vol. 52 no. 1, 2020, p. 75-93. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/sdn.2020.0008.
Reid, Luc. “Future Brains: Neuroscience Fiction versus Neuroscience Fantasy.” Clarkesworld Magazine, no. 42, March 2010, https://clarkesworldmagazine.com/reid_03_10/.
Restak, Richard. “The New Brain.” The Brain, edited by Kenneth Partridge, H.W. Wilson Company, 2009, pp. 19-21.
Richardson, Alan. “Wild Minds: Frankenstein, Animality, and Romantic Brain Science.” Huntinton Library Quarterly, vol. 83, no. 4, Winter 2020, pp. 771-787. Project Muse, doi:10.1353/hlq.2020.0037.
Roth, Marco. “Rise of the Neuronovel: A Specter is Haunting the Contemporary Novel.” n+1 magazine, 14 September 2009, https://www.nplusonemag.com/issue-8/essays/the-rise-of-the-neuronovel/.
Sampson, Tony D. The Assemblage Brain: Sense Making in Neuroculture. University of Minnesota Press, 2016.
Shaviro, Steve. Discognition. Repeater, 2016.
Shin, Haerin. “Unlocking the Mindware: The Responsibility of Building a Solipsistic Universe in Murakami Haruki’s Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World.” positions: asia critique, vol. 26 no. 4, 2018, p. 749-780. Project MUSE muse.jhu.edu/article/710201.
Shinn, Christopher A. “On Machines and Mosquitoes: Neuroscience, Bodies, and Cyborgs in Amitav Ghosh’s The Calcutta Chromosome.” Melus, vol. 33, no. 4, Winter 2008, pp. 145-166.
Smith, Barbara Herrnstein. “Scientizing the Humanities: Shifts, Collisions, Negotiations.” Common Knowledge, vol. 22 no. 3, 2016, p. 353-372. Project MUSE muse.jhu.edu/article/629238.
Squires, David. “Mechanical Brains: Autism and Artificial Intelligence.” Diacritics, vol. 48 no. 1, 2020, p. 52-79. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/dia.2020.0002.
Stableford, Brian M. “Neurology.” in Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis, 2006, pp. 329-330.
Stiles, Anne. Popular Fiction and Brain Science in the Late Nineteenth Century. Cambridge UP, 2012.
Stollfuß, Sven. “The Rise of the Posthuman Brain: Computational Neuroscience, Digital Networks and the ‘In Silico Cerebral Subject’.” Trans-Humanities Journal, vol. 7 no. 3, 2014, p. 79-103. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/trh.2014.0004.
Tougaw, Jason. “Touching Brains.” MFS Modern Fiction Studies, vol. 61 no. 2, 2015, p. 335-358. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/mfs.2015.0026.
Vercueil, Laurent. Neuro-Science-Fiction: Les cerveaux d’ailleurs et de demain. Le Bélial, 2022.
Vidal, Fernando. “Frankenstein’s Brain: “The Final Touch”.” SubStance, vol. 45 no. 2, 2016, p. 88-117. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/sub.2016.0013.
Khvedelidze, Irakli. “Cyber Experience as a Resource for Making Alternative Worlds in the Georgian Postmodernist Novel Chewing Dawns: Sugar-Free.” Cultural Intertexts, vol. 10, 2020, pp. 149-163. https://www.cultural-intertexts.com/volumes/a10-2020/.
Zunshine, Lisa. Strange Concepts and the Stories They Make Possible. John Hopkins UP, 2008.
—. Why We Read Fiction: Theory of the Mind and the Novel. The Ohio State UP, 2006.
Created 2 April 2015. Updated 23 Aug. 2023.
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